Akhenaten changed both religion and art in ancient Egypt. The Aten was never shown in human or animal form, but represented as the sun disk with extended rays ending in hands. As a replacement for a 2,000-year-old tradition, Akhenaten's religion lacked some important underpinnings, in particular, an afterlife. China. According to Egyptian Mythology he descended from the gods who arrived on Earth at the time of Tep Zepi and until today, people still believe that this Pharaoh did, in fact, come from the Stars. (137), Nefertiti Offering to the AtenElsie McLaughlin (CC BY-NC-SA). World History Encyclopedia is a non-profit organization. Akhenaten (pronounced / k n t n /), also spelled Echnaton, Akhenaton, (Ancient Egyptian: -n-jtn -n-yty, pronounced [u n jatj], meaning "Effective for the Aten"), was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh reigning c. 1353-1336 or 1351-1334 BC, the tenth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty.Before the fifth year of his reign, he was known as . Nefertiti was a powerful queen who helped Akhenaten transform the Egyptian religious landscape. Thank you! Khan Academy is a nonprofit with the mission of providing a free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere. Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. In this lesson we explore the reign of Akhenaten, the religiously zealous son of Amenhotep III who tried to initiate a profound shift in Egyptian religion, culture, and governance. Akhenaten became best known to modern scholars for the new religion he created that centered on the Aten. He reigned from c. 1353 to 1336 BC, and he is best known for his dramatic changes to traditional Egyptian religion. Updates? Akhenaten became best known to modern scholars for the new religion he created that centered on the Aten. He was originally known as Amenhotep IV but changed his name to Akhenaten during his fifth year in power. Plus, new character posters from the Quantum Realm! In Akhenaten, Nicholas Reeves presents an entirely new perspective on the turbulent events of Akhenaten's seventeen-year reign. 13921292 BCE) continued to tear down the temples, chisel out Akhenaten's name, and bring back the old traditional forms of belief. The preponderance of the evidence, both from the Amarna letters and from Tutankhamun's later decree, as well as archaeological indications, strongly suggests that Akhenaten was a very poor ruler as far as his subjects and vassal states were concerned and his reign, in the words of Hawass, was "an inward-focused regime that had lost interest . After a brutal reign of 17 years, Akhenaten died and his successorwho may have been Nefertitiimmediately but slowly began dismantling the physical elements of Akhenaten's religion. However, modern scholarship notes that Akhenatens cult drew from aspects of other godsparticularly re-Harakhte, Shu, and Maatin its imagining and worship of Aton. Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness, The Guardians of the Galaxy Holiday Special. Religious persecution was new to the Egyptians, who had always worshipped many deities and were ever ready to add new gods to the pantheon. Rejecting belief in Egypt's numerous traditional gods, Akhenaten worshipped the sun disk, or Aten, as the . Genetic testing has determined that the man buried in KV55 was Tutankhamun's father,[19] but its identification as Akhenaten has since been questioned. Jade artifacts, especially in the form of circular discs, are primarily associated with ancient. The New Kingdom (c. 1570- c.1069 BCE) is the era in Egyptian history Nefertiti (c. 1370 - c. 1336 BCE) was the wife of the pharaoh Akhenaten Ankhsenamun (born c. 1350 BCE and known as Ankhesenpaaten in youth Amun (also Amon, Ammon, Amen, Amun-Ra) is the ancient Egyptian Tutankhamun (also known as Tutankhamen and `King Tut', r. c.1336-c.1327 Moses the Egyptian: The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism, Egypt's Golden Couple: When Akhenaten and Nefertiti Were Gods on Earth, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Akhenaten attempted to abolish most of the complex mythology of the solar cycleno longer was it a nightly struggle against the forces of evil, nor were there explanations for the existence of sorrow and evil in the world. That Amenhotep IV was personally involved in these changes seems clear: the biographical text of one of the reigns master sculptors indicates that he was instructed by the king himself. Mark, Joshua J.. Discovering Egypt Website Established 1997. http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/radio4/ioth/ioth_20091001-0900a.mp3, Who else might be in Pharaoh Tutankhamuns Tomb, Women of Power and Influence in Ancient Egypt. Unlike the images from other dynasties of Egyptian history, the art from the Amarna Period depicts the royal family with elongated necks and arms and spindly legs. Although Akhenatens reign saw sweeping religious reforms and particular artistic developments, his legacy crumbled under later pharaohs. The religion of the Aten is not completely understood today. He was the son of Amenhotep III (1386-1353 BCE) and his wife Tiye, husband of Queen Nefertiti, and father of both Tutankhamun (by a lesser wife named Lady Kiya) and Tutankhamun's wife Ankhsenamun (by Nefertiti). Beginning with the first dynasty of the Old Kingdom, pharaohs held "sed festivals," over-the-top parties of eating, drinking, and dancing that were jubilees of kingly renewal. The British Museum is free to everybody and opens at 10am every day. Akhenaten did not become Akhenaten until later in his reign. They sought local humans to guide each space sector through this transition, and Akhenaten's ruthless leadership history and vision for the future made him an ideal candidate. Along with these changes, Akhenaten . All other trademarks and copyrights are the property of their respective owners. There is no doubt that his attention to this problem served the interests of the state but, as other similar issues were ignored, it seems that he only chose those situations which interested him personally. Akhenaten believed that Aten, the sun disk, was the one true god. Aten created and fashioned the cosmos, authorized life, created people and languages and light and dark. Note: Akhenaten is distinguished from the earlier Amenhotep, later a vampire in the Legion of the Unliving. Web. Few scholars now agree with the contention that Amenhotep III associated his son Amenhotep IV on the throne for several years of coregency; it is assumed here, in accordance with general scholarly consensus, that the older king died before his son gained power. During his first regnal year, Amenhotep IV ruled from Thebes, the traditional seat of power in Egypt, and remained there for five years, calling it the "southern Heliopolis, the first great seat of Re." The first works commissioned by the king appeared in the traditional Theban style, employed by nearly every 18th dynasty pharaoh preceding him. To those who came after him in Egypt, however, he was the 'heretic king' and 'the enemy' whose memory needed to be eradicated. Eventually, Akhenaten ordered the building of a new capital to honor Aten and secure the break with tradition he had initiated. Mark, published on 17 April 2014. The Aten was seen as the one true god who presided over all and infused all living things. Ruins of Pharaoh Akhenaton's capital Tell el-Amarna (Akhetaten). He was raised at the palace complex at Malqata, where he had his own apartments. King Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) King Akhenaten or Amenhotep IV was the great Egyptian pharaoh for the 18th dynasty for 17 years and died in 1336 B.C. Guests include Kate Spence, Richard Parkinson and Elizabeth Frood. Much has been written about this compelling, controversial pharaoh whose appearanceelongated and effeteis totally at odds with that of the traditional Egyptian ruler. The largest temple Amenhotep IV built at Karnak was "Gemetpaaten" (the "Aten is Found"), built perhaps as early as the second year of his reign. Akhenatens forefathers also showed interest in the Aten, devoting several sights to different versions of the sun disk. Darkness falls city by city, nation by nation. To prepare for the jubilee, Amenhotep IV began building a huge number of temples, including several near the ancient temple of Karnak. "Akhenaten." - Act of Religion to promote his god of choice. Each day, Akhenaten and Nefertiti processed in their chariots from one end of the city to the other, mirroring the journey of the sun across the sky. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Pharaoh Amenhotep IV was one of the most puzzling pharaohs of Egypt, also mentioned as the 'Heretic Pharaoh' or 'Rebel Pharaoh'. Akhenatens artistic legacy, however, survived to influence the work of future craftsmen. Akhenaten's religious reforms resulted in his being despised as 'the heretic king' by some while admired as a champion of monotheism by others. As a god, he seems to have felt that the affairs of state were beneath him and simply stopped attending to his responsibilities. Last modified April 17, 2014. He has inherited special abilities from Poseidon which include the ability to control water, boats, and ships; to create small hurricanes; to . Freud recognizes that the cult of Aten existed long before Akhenaten raised it to prominence but points out that Akhenaten added a component unknown previously in religious belief: "He added the something new that turned into monotheism, the doctrine of a universal god: the quality of exclusiveness" (24). Eventually, dissatisfied priests and civil officials combined with the army to discredit the new religion. ), Unlock the world of Marvel Digital Comics! The Metropolitan Museum of Art 1000 Fifth Avenue at 82nd Street, New York, 10028-0198. By the time Akhenaten took the throne, his family had been ruling Egypt for nearly two hundred years and had established a huge empire dominating Palestine, Phoenicia, and Nubia. . Akhenaten (1367-1350 B.C.) Normally, but by no means always, kings held their first jubilee after they had ruled 30 years. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. Akce tdne. In the middle of the 14th Century BC, the heretic pharaoh Akhenaten adopted the main worship of a single god, the sun-disk or Aten, eradicating Egyptian traditions that had lasted for millennia and drastically altering the art style to reflect this new freedom of expression. His priests secretly continued their polytheistic worship. Akhenaten further reshaped Egypts religious sphere through the persecution of some traditional gods, most notably Amun Egypts state deity for much of the 18th dynasty. Ultimately, Akhenaten 's contribution to Egyptian religion was a failure; his transformation of religion, while initially successful, proved too radical for the Egyptian population show more content. Do you know anyone who is so focused on one thing or another that they lose all interest in anything else? Scholars are uncertain. (Hawass, 39). After the first 5 normal years of his reign Amenhotep IV changed his name to Akhenaten meaning 'living spirit of Aten'. "Akhenaten: Heretic and Pharaoh of New Kingdom Egypt." His son Tutankhamun (ruled ca. His father was Amenhotep III , the King of the 18 th dynasty when Egypt was at its peak. Surviving documents show that Akhenaten paid little attention to the army and navy, foreign trade began to fall off, and internal taxes began to disappear into the pockets of local officials. As Dorman (2015) confirms, architectural developments which occurred at this time revolved around the Pharaoh's radical religious . The introduction of Akhenaten's monotheistic views attributed to the decline of the Egyptian empire during his reign in the 18th dynasty. The previous name of Akhenaten was King Amenhotep IV before the fifth year of his reign and he was also known as Akhenaton. Akhenaten: Heretic and Pharaoh of New Kingdom Egypt. Whereas his father, Amenhotep III, had sought to reduce the increasing power of the priesthood, Akhenaton practically dismantled it. John Bodsworth (CC BY) Akhenaten (r. 1353-1336 BCE) was a pharaoh of 18th Dynasty of the New Kingdom of Egypt. Akhenaten's revolution became ugly as time progressed. Akhenaten, also spelled Akhenaton, Akhnaton, or Ikhnaton, also called Amenhotep IV, Greek Amenophis, king (1353-36 bce) of ancient Egypt of the 18th dynasty, who established a new cult dedicated to the Aton, the sun's disk (hence his assumed name, Akhenaten, meaning "beneficial to Aton"). The end of Akhenatens reign is murky. Nefertiti means "The beautiful one has come.". Akhenaten came to power as the pharaoh of Egypt in either the year 1353 or 1351 BCE and reigned for roughly 17 years during the 18th dynasty of Egypt's New Kingdom. (5). (111-112). Perhaps, then, the elongation of the figures in these images was meant to show human transformation when touched by the power of the Aten. Is usually comprehensive and extensive. Biography of Queen Nefertiti, Ancient Egyptian Queen, Most Important Figures in Ancient History, Dynastic Egypt Timeline - 2,700 Years of Change in Egyptian Society, The Symbolism Behind the Double Crown of Egypt, Pharaoh Thutmose III and the Battle of Megiddo, Egyptian View of Death and Their Pyramids, Old Kingdom: Ancient Egypt's Old Kingdom Period, Step Pyramid of Djoser - Ancient Egypt's First Monumental Pyramid, The Ptolemies: Dynastic Egypt From Alexander to Cleopatra, The Kingdom of Kush: Sub-Saharan African Rulers of the Nile, Life, Death and Beyond in Akhenaten's Egypt: Excavating the South Tombs Cemetery at Amarna, Biological Age of Skeletonized Mummy from Tomb KV 55 at Thebes. In the center of his city, the king built a formal reception palace where he could meet officials and foreign dignitaries. It had several royal greater-than-lifesized statues made in a new art style, located north of the temple of Amun, and near a mudbrick palace for the king. Donald B. Redford dates his birth before his father Amenhotep III's 25th regnal year, c. 1363-1361 BC, based on the birth of Akhenaten's first daughter, who was likely born relatively early in his reign. Only a few years after he took the throne, he changed his name to Akhenaten, meaning 'Living Spirit of Aten,' and proclaimed himself to be the only conduit through which the living world could speak to Aten. Unlike the traditional ritual prescribed for most Egyptian deities, which was carried out in small, darkened sanctuaries in the innermost recesses of their temples, Amenhotep IVs devotion to the Aton was celebrated through the presentation of foodstuffs on large numbers of offering tables and made in open sunlight. In the fourth year of his reign, he changed his name to Akhenaten. 721 Words. Create an account to start this course today. In addition, the enormous expanse of the exterior temple wall provided a stone canvas on which experiments in large-scale composition were undertaken. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/akhenaten-4769554. Akhenaten is one of the most intriguing rulers of ancient Egypt, and one of the most fascinating individuals from the ancient world. The Aten was not new to the rule of Akhenaten and, prior to his conversion, was simply another cult among the many in ancient Egypt. Here, you will find everything about the history of King Akhenaten including: At first, the figures are modeled true to life in a way never seen in Egyptian art before. Was Akhenaten a reactionary, creating the new religion to consolidate his power, raise his status and make him more famous than any pharaoh before. Some sports fans, for example, can't even maintain good personal relationships, such is their ardor for their favorite team. Akhenatens new approach to religion manifested itself in other facets of Egyptian culture, most notably the artistic sphere. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. A century before, Thutmose III had swept all before him, conquering the Middle East and Nubia and establishing a military priesthood which now controlled the empire. They sought local humans to guide each space sector through this transition, and . In just under two decades on the throne, Akhenaten imposed new aspects of Egyptian religion, overhauled its royal artistic style, moved Egypts capital to a previously unoccupied site, implemented a new form of architecture and attempted to obliterate the names and images of some of Egypts traditional gods. Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. Get the latest news, original content, and special offers from Marvel. Amenhotep IV succeeded his father after Amenhotep III's death at the end of a 38-year reign, possibly after a co-regency between the two for up to 12 years. in history and taught university and high school history. Pharaoh Akhenaten died in his seventeenth year on the throne and his reforms did not survive for much longer. Mark, Joshua J.. It should be noted that 'cult' did not have the same meaning in this regard as it does in the present day. The local princes, who had been loyal to Egypt, no longer saw any advantage in trading with Egypt. Suggested dates for Akhenaten's reign (subject to the debates surrounding Egyptian chronology) are from 1353 BC-1336 BC or 1351 BC-1334 BC. in the 14th century BC, at a time when the Egyptian kingdom was at the height of power and luxury. The Hittites from the north began to make gains and this led to a general disintegration of the empire. But Akhenaten undermined the prosperity of Egypt through his own obsession with the sun god, Aten. The new temples were built entirely of relatively small blocks of sandstone of uniform size, known as talatat, apparently for speed in constructionan understandable convenience, considering the scale of the project. Travel Grant for Underrepresented Students, Antiquities Endowment Fund (AEF) Projects, Research Supporting Members (RSM) Projects. How Did Akhenaten Revolutionized Art. Rameses I . Tel: 212-535-7710 A varied collection . (2014, April 17). In Akhenaten's new religion, this figure generally came to be represented as a sun disk and is best understood as the light produced by the sun itself. Some historians regard this as a predecessor of current monotheisms. Eventually acclimating to his cosmic role, Akhenaten earned the Cosmic Order's full trust and mastered the Heart's power over two millennia more. The Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten (18th dynasty) and his family on the balcony of his palace. 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